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Blood sodium is the primary electrolyte controlling fluid distribution, blood pressure, and nerve-impulse transmission — and abnormal levels rarely reflect how much salt you eat. They almost always indicate a problem with how the kidneys and hormones (ADH, aldosterone) regulate water balance. Both hyponatremia (low sodium) and hypernatremia (high sodium) range from mildly symptomatic to life-threatening depending on the degree and speed of change.
Also known as: Na, Na+, Serum Sodium, Sodium
High sodium (hypernatremia) indicates dehydration or diabetes insipidus. Low sodium (hyponatremia) is the most common electrolyte disorder, caused by diuretics, SIADH, heart failure, or excessive water intake.
Standard range is 136-145 mmol/L. Functional optimal is 139-142 mmol/L. Acute severe hyponatremia below 120 mmol/L can cause seizures and brain edema.