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HbA1c measures the percentage of hemoglobin that has glucose attached to it, reflecting your average blood sugar over the past 2–3 months. Unlike a single glucose reading, it can't be distorted by what you ate the day before — it's the gold-standard marker for diagnosing pre-diabetes (5.7–6.4%) and diabetes (6.5%+). The difference between a 'normal' and an 'optimal' HbA1c can mean years of protected metabolic function.
Also known as: A1C, Emoglobina A1c/Emoglobina.totale, GHb, Glycated Haemoglobin, Glycated Hb (HbA1c), Glycated Hemoglobin, Glycated Hemoglobin (A1c), Glycohaemogolobin
High HbA1c reflects chronic hyperglycemia indicating prediabetes (5.7-6.4%) or diabetes (6.5%+). Misleadingly low HbA1c can occur with hemolytic anemia or blood loss.
Standard normal is below 5.7%. Functional practitioners target 4.8-5.2%. Each 0.1% increase above 5.0% correlates with measurably higher cardiovascular risk.