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Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is essential for red blood cell production, DNA synthesis, and the integrity of the myelin sheath that protects your nerve fibers from damage. Deficiency develops silently over months or years and can cause irreversible neurological damage — numbness, tingling, balance problems, and memory loss — before anemia appears on a blood count. It's especially common in vegans, older adults, and people taking long-term metformin or proton pump inhibitors.
Also known as: B-12, B12, B12 Vitamini, Cbl, Cobalamin, Cobalamin (B12), Cobalamins, Cyanocobalamin
High B12 can indicate liver disease, myeloproliferative disorders, or excess supplementation. Low B12 causes fatigue, nerve damage, cognitive impairment, and macrocytic anemia.
Standard labs flag below 200 pg/mL. Functional practitioners target above 500 pg/mL, ideally 600-900 pg/mL. Methylmalonic acid is more sensitive for detecting functional deficiency.